李牧之的博客

一周未更新博客，近一周过于繁忙，特贴一篇前段时间为他人翻译的文章，疏漏之处，望各位指正。

Nepal's Recent Political Developments and the Way Forward

尼泊尔当前的政治发展与前途

Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen,Thank you so much, Mr. Needham, for your kind words of introduction.

尊敬的女士们、先生们，感谢您的到来，非常感谢 Needham先生的盛情邀请。

I am delighted to be here this morning to share my views with the distinguished group of well- wishers of Nepal on the recent political and other developments taking place in my country.   I would like to take this opportunity to thank The Heritage Foundation for organizing this event.

今天早上，在这里，能够和众多对尼泊尔目前政治及其它的发展抱有良好希望的群体分享我的观点，我非常高兴。借此机会，感谢组织这次活动的美国传统基金会。

Let me begin with a brief account of the background of the Democratic Movement that led to the restoration of democracy and reinstated the Parliament as the supreme representative institution and returned the sovereignty back to the people.

首先，让我们简短的介绍一下这次民主运动的背景，这场运动最终使得尼泊尔民主回归、恢复了最高代表机构——议会以及把政权归还给人民。

Although, Nepal never came under any colonial power, it didn't remain unaffected by colonial influence. It was ruled by the Rana oligarchy for more than a century. A popular revolution brought down the Ranas in 1951, paving the way for the Nepali people to take first steps towards democracy. The country became known to the broader external world only after it joined the United Nations in 1955.

 虽然尼泊尔从来被任何殖民权力统治，但他也没有保持不被殖民权力影响。它就曾被拉纳寡头统治了一个多世纪。此后一个群众革命在 1951年推翻了拉纳政权，为尼泊尔人民铺平了通往民主的第一步。也直到尼泊尔在 1955年加入联合国以后，这个国家才开始被外界所知道。

After some hesitant preparations for nearly a decade, the first ever general elections were held in Nepal in 1959, and a democratically elected government was formed. Within less than one and a half years, King Mahendra dissolved the newly elected government and grabbed power. He threw political leaders behind bars, banned political parties, and installed an autocratic party-less Panchayat system in 1960. However, political parties sustained their activities against the autocratic Panchayat system. In 1990, a peaceful movement brought down the party-less system and the door for a multiparty system was opened.

经过一番近十年充满波折的准备， 1959年尼泊尔进行了第一次大选，并建立了一个民主选举出的政府。然而不到一年半的时间内，马享德国王解散了新选举的政府并攫取了权力。他把政治领袖们逮捕起来，禁止政党活动，并且在 1960年实行了一party专政的农村行政系统。然而政治党派仍继续活动来，借此反对乡村行政系统的专制。一直到 1990年，一个和平的运动推翻了党禁系统，多party制局面的己经打开。

The successful democratic movement the same year for the first time in Nepal's history recognized the Nepali people as the inherent source of sovereign authority. The constitution guaranteed basic human rights, adult franchise, independent judiciary, a parliamentary system of government under multi-party democracy and made the institution of monarchy a constitutional one.

这一年成功的民主运动，使得尼泊尔人民第一次意识到他们才是主权的固有来源。 宪法承诺了基本humanrights，公民权，司法独立，多party制民主下的议会制政府以及产生了一个君主立宪制国家。

The first general elections under the new dispensation were held in 1991. With this, Nepal's new democracy started taking roots gradually. Three general elections had been held until 1999. Elections for the local bodies and for the national Assembly – the upper house – of the parliament were also held during the same period. The press was free and flourishing. The judiciary was independent. Fundamental rights and civil liberties were guaranteed. Although internal squabbles within and between political parties were not uncommon, the basic thrust of the political system was to institutionalize democracy and empower the people. Elections were peaceful, spirited, and mainly based on healthy competition. The economy was growing at a respectable rate.

1991 年，第一次政府首脑大选在新的特准下进行。至此，尼泊尔新的民主进程逐步走进基层。截止1999 年，尼泊尔共进行了三次大选。地方机构和国民议会的上议院同期也举行了选举。新闻出版自由并开始繁荣。司法开始独立，基本权利和公民自由被保障。虽然各政党内部争吵屡见不鲜，但基本政治制度逐渐民主制度化，人民也被赋予其应有的权力。选举是和平的，理性的，以及基于健康的竞争。经济也在以一个惊人速度增长。

However, the Maoists withdrew themselves from the democratic parliamentary process and started a so-called 'people's war' in early 1996. The declared objective of the insurgency was to dismantle the existing democratic institutions and state structure through the force of arms, violence and terror. This came as a serious threat to Nepal's fledgling democracy. Although the extremist ideology adopted by the Maoists has been largely discredited and outdated, the rebels were able to take advantage of the democratic openness and the inequitable and exploitative socio-economic structure of the traditional Nepali society on the other.

然而，maoism者却从议会制民主进程中撤出，并在 1996年开始了一场所谓的"人民战争"。他们宣称叛乱的目的是，通过武装力量、暴力和恐怖来拆除现有的民主制度以及国家结构。这对于尼泊尔的新兴民主政权来说是一个严重的危机。虽然maoism吸收的极端的意识形态己经名誉扫地并且过时，但因为民主有其开放性，尼泊尔传统社会的经济社会发展也不平衡以及存在剥削，这使得反叛者有可能利用这些达成他们的阴谋。

While the Maoists were aggressively consolidating their hold on the rural areas of Nepal through terror, intimidation and extortion, King Birendra and his entire family were killed in the palace massacre in 2001 and his brother Gyanendra ascended the throne. Even as the Maoists were stepping up their activities, the incumbent government fell in 2002 over the question of continuing the state of emergency and elections were declared. Nonetheless, the polls could not take place on schedule due to the deteriorating security situation amidst threat from the Maoists against the elections. It created a political vacuum. Taking advantage of this fluid situation, the ambitious King Gyanendra grabbed power himself on 1 February 2005. Thus, a young democracy was nipped in the bud.

当maoism者通过恐怖、恐吓勒索等手段来积极巩固他们在农村地区的权力，其中 2001年比兰德拉国王和他的全家在大屠杀中丧生，他的弟弟贾兰德随后即位。甚至当maoism开始加紧他们的活动时，现任政府在持续的紧张局势中下台，新的大选开始了。虽然如此，由于maoism针对大选的恐怖活动频繁不断，造成了国家安全局势恶化，大选并没有按照时间表如期举行。这时出现了一个政治权力真空。野心勃勃的贾南德王抓住纷乱局势带来的机会，在 2005年 2月1 日攫取权力。一个新生的民主政权就这样被扼杀在萌芽中。

The fourteen months of King Gyanendra's direct rule further aggravated the whole situation. Democratic parties, spurned by the king in their efforts for reconciliation, had no option but to launch a peaceful people's movement to restore democracy, human rights and fundamental freedoms of the people. An alliance was formed by the seven democratic parties to achieve this goal. The Maoists became more ruthless in their tactics hoping to benefit from the popular disaffection with the monarchy. Keeping all these circumstances in mind, in November 2005, the alliance reached a historic 12-point understanding with the rebels that paved the way for peaceful democratic movement against the royal autocracy. By April 2006, the situation was ripe for a mass uprising and after a 19-day-long peaceful movement, the Nepali people finally succeeded in getting the democracy restored and the state authority handed back to the people. It was indeed a historic accomplishment, the acme of the success of people power. The international community that was sympathetic to the people of Nepal in their struggle for democracy has welcomed this positive political development.

贾南德国王近 14个月的统治，进一步加剧了整个局势的恶化，此时，争取和解的民主党派们遭了国王的唾弃，所以他们不得不发动一场和平的人民运动，来恢复民主，humanrights和人民的基本自由。七个民主党派建立了一个联盟来达成这一目的。maoism者的手段也逐渐变得残酷，此以希望能众民众对君主制的不满中获取自己的政治利益。基于对这种局势的认识， 2005年 11月，就反对君主专制、铺平和平的道路，这个联盟与叛军达成了12 点历史性的谅解。到2006 年4月，随着群众运动越来越成熟，经过 19天的和平运动，尼泊尔人民最终成功的恢复了民主制度，国家权力也重新回到人民手中，这的确是一个历史性的成京，人民权力成功的顶点。同情尼泊尔在追求民主化过程中的艰难的国际社会，对尼泊尔积极的政治运动表示欢迎。

At this point let me express our deep gratitude to the friendly government and people of the United States of America who have consistently supported our continued struggle for democracy and development.

此刻，让我向对我们友好的政府、向持续支持我们追求民主的美国人民表示深刻的谢意。

The Way Forward

未来之路

Democracy being one and the only desirable universal political goal, Nepal is strongly committed to achieving, strengthening and institutionalizing democracy for the benefit of our people.   The restored parliament has made a historic proclamation on 18 May 2006 announcing itself as the supreme state authority until a new constitutional arrangement is put in place. Accordingly, an interim constitution is also in the making. We are now in the midst of a major political transition, which the current government has been trying to navigate with caution and confidence.

民主，作为一个并且唯一的一个普适必要的政治目标，尼泊尔致力于实现它，加强它并且制度化，以此造福百姓。恢复的议会在 2006年 5月18 日，做出了一个历史性的声明，宣布它在新宪法生效前行使国家最高权力，据此，临时宪法也在制定中。我们现在处在一个重要的政治转型中，我们正在谨慎而富有信心的尝试着管理国家的方法。

For the Government of Nepal, which is a land-locked and least developed country, there are many challenges ahead. It has to reduce poverty, illiteracy and unemployment; it has to provide clean, transparent and good government. While we prepare the ground to attain those goals, we have three immediate objectives at present:

对于尼泊尔来说，它是一个内陆国家，并且经济不发达，它面临着很多挑战，它将不得不致力于消除贫困、文盲、失业，它必须提供廉洁、透明、高效的政府。当我们准备去达到这些目标的时候，我有三个急切需要解决的问题：

(a)  To protect and consolidate democracy, institutionalize the achievements made by the people

(b)  To end the armed conflict translating the peace process into permanent peace bringing the Maoists to the peaceful democratic political mainstream (c)   To hold free and fair elections to a constituent assembly that will write a new constitution.

(a) 保护和巩固己经建立起来的民主等人民取得的权力。

(b) 结束武装斗争，推进和平进程，将maoism者们带回到民主和和平的政治主流中来。

(c) 举行自由和公平的选举，选出制宪议会讨论出一份新的宪法。

At the same time, we also have to carry out reconstruction and rehabilitation activities for people to lead a normal life.

与此同时，我们也将执行重建家园和恢复健康的计划，使民众过上正常的生活。

The Government is currently holding talks with the Maoists to achieve these objectives.  As we do that, we are always guided by the belief that democracy provides the best common ground to settle differences in an amicable manner. It helps to promote respect for universal human values, human dignity and human rights. Likewise, democracy unleashes the people's ingenuity and enterprise for development and prosperity.

政府正在和maoism者进行对话，以达成上述目的，正如我们所做的那些，我们总被信仰指引，认为民主为和平解决分岐提供了最佳的共同点，它有助于我们尊重人类普遍价值观、人的尊严和人权。同样，民主会引发人民的创造力、发展并繁荣企业。

We are fully cognizant of the fact that the road ahead is full of hurdles and obstructions. But our goal is clear, and our commitment to peace, democracy and progress is unshakeable.

我们充分认识到，在前进的道路上充满了障碍和阻力，但我们的目标是清晰的，即毫不动扔的通往和平、民主。

As we engage in an internal peace process, we know the world is watching us. We have sought assistance of the United Nations to help us in the process. I am confident that, given the goodwill and support of our friends and well-wishers in the international community, we will be able to restore a lasting peace and stability and sustainable progress in our country. Our experience in this regard is going to be unique.

当我们致力于一个内部的和平进程，我们知道世界正在看着我们，我们己经设法在联合国获得协助以帮助我们推进民主进程，我们坚信，在善意和支持我们的国际朋友以及祝愿者帮助下，我们将恢复永久的和平稳定以支撑国家的发展。在这方面的经验，我们将是独一无二的。